Since the huge overnight success of the March 2012 general rate increases (GRI) implemented by shipping lines to bring rate levels back above break-even, there have been a further seven attempts to lift rates - equating to a total of around $2,800-$3,000 per FEU on the Asia-to-North Europe trade. During this period, average headhaul freight rates have actually declined from about $2,700 in early March to $2,400 as of early January 2013.
While this is not a disaster for the carriers, it proves that there is a fundamental weakness in the market compounded by low volumes on the back of a non-existent peak season last year. Coupled with a marked reluctance by carriers to pull enough capacity, particularly in the Asia-Mediterranean trade, average headhaul load factors have remained in the 75-percent to 85-percent range for most of the second half of 2012 and the strategy of missing sailings has proved to be insufficient to lift freight rates for any sustainable period. With another 40 ships of at least 10,000 TEU due for delivery this year, carriers will have a very difficult time deploying them without doing further damage to the supply/demand balance. Operational alliances across virtually all global trade lanes will certainly increase.
Neil Dekker, Drewry's head of container research, says: "The emphasis on [missed sailings] will only lead to severe volatility in the spot market with carriers reacting to weaknesses on a temporary basis, with the GRIs essentially being used to prohibit further rate erosion, rather than advancing them by any sustainable margin."
The latest indications from the market suggest that load factors from Asia to North Europe and the Med are higher - helped by the usual pre-Chinese New Year cargo spike - but the acid test will be how long any carrier rate successes last beyond the middle of February when volumes traditionally weaken.
On a more optimistic level, Drewry is forecasting global demand to increase by 4.6 percent this year, but there are several caveats attached to this. Considerably faster capacity growth at the trade route level will severely challenge carriers and even the ability of the fast growing north-south trades (such as Asia to Latin America) to prop up the deficiencies elsewhere is now being questioned. It cannot be ignored that the headhaul compound annual growth rate of the three core east-west trade lanes in the 2008-12 period has been only 0.4 percent.
Mainly due to the successes of the second and third quarters in 2012, lines are forecasted to make around $1.5bn collective profit, although not all carriers will end up in the black. If carriers continue to engage in sensible cost-cutting strategies and carefully manage capacity at trade route level, which will probably involve a more radical strategy on lay-ups - and projections on global GDP growth ring true - they could make a profit approaching $5bn in 2013. Contract rates negotiated with shippers on the key east-west trade lanes will also be higher when compared to the low levels of 2012.
But overall, the destiny of 2013 remains firmly in the carriers' hands once again as they need to quickly react to the new reality of weaker demand growth in an era of growing capacity. It is extremely doubtful that carriers will be able to continue to repeat the GRI successes of last March if they are relying solely on an industry collective resolve.
"Container Forecaster" is published quarterly by Drewry Maritime Research and is priced at £2910 ($4700).
