President Donald Trump’s new trade levies against China, Canada and Mexico include a broadside against international e-commerce, with apparent plans to extinguish a long-held tariff exemption for packages worth less than $800.

Trump’s executive orders directing 25% levies on Canada and Mexico — plus a 10% duty on China — specify that the “de minimis” exemption for small packages no longer applies. Under the exemption, products below that dollar amount are able to enter the U.S. without tariffs — a boon for China’s e-commerce retailers who ship often cheaper wares directly to consumers in the U.S.

Washington is taking aim at a loophole that retailers from PDD Holdings Inc.’s Temu to fashion-focused Shein have exploited for years to expand rapidly in the U.S. That’s given Chinese-linked e-commerce companies — which grew by hawking smaller packages in much higher volumes to consumers — huge advantages over market incumbents such as Amazon.com Inc. Critics say the flood of parcels from China is hard to monitor and may contain illegal or dangerous goods. 

Trump’s decision — while earlier than some analysts expected — had been largely anticipated by Temu and Shein. Since last year, they’ve begun diversifying their logistics chains, expanding networks in the U.S. and moving to bigger bulk orders. 

Still, a formal closure is expected to hit a fast-growing market segment. Temu US accounts for a low-teen percentage of PDD’s revenue, Jefferies has estimated. Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. and JD.com Inc. have thriving U.S. businesses. And it raises questions about Shein’s highly anticipated initial public offering, a mega-debut investors expect to take place as soon as this year. 

PDD’s shares dropped about 6% in premarket trading in the U.S. February 3, while JD.com and Alibaba’s ADRs also slid.

“Temu’s efforts in ramping up its local warehouse/semi-managed model over the past year could help,” Citigroup analyst Alicia Yap wrote. But “the new tariffs will still have a negative read-through to Temu’s growth in 2025 and beyond.”

Alibaba, JD, Shein and Temu representatives did not respond to requests for comment.

The full scope of the de minimis changes — whether they apply just to the new tariffs issued February 1 or to older existing trade levies — was not clear. A White House spokesman did not respond to questions about its reach. 

However, trade lawyers said Trump’s language cracking down on the de minimis exemption could apply broadly, even to existing duties against China, Canada and Mexico.

American shoppers and companies imported about $48 billion worth of shipments from the world under that loophole in the first nine months of last year, according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection estimates.

Temu in particular exploded in the U.S. by offering steep discounts on a variety of products for people willing to wait a week or so for delivery. The popular marketplace — which EMarketer Inc. estimates will sell $30 billion in products to U.S. shoppers this year — became an alternative to Amazon as well as retail chains such as Hobby Lobby, Party City and dollar stores. 

Shoppers showed they were willing to wait for delivery in exchange for discounts, defying Amazon’s quick delivery model. By sending individual orders direct to customers from China, they avoid tariffs through the de minimis exemption. Large retail chains that buy inventory wholesale imported on ships generally pass the tariff costs along to customers.

A senior administration official who briefed reporters on the new tariffs Saturday sought to justify ending the exemption, saying that the U.S. loses a tremendous amount of tariff revenue and that the loophole for smaller value packages also impedes the ability of U.S. customs officials to catch fentanyl moving into the country. The official did not specify the scope of the change.

Lawmakers have warned that the de minimis route makes it easier for fentanyl and the precursor chemicals used to make the deadly drug to evade customs and enter the U.S. undetected. 

Large Loophole

The smaller-value shipments account for more than a tenth of China’s exports to the U.S., according to research from economists at Nomura Holdings Inc.

The total volume of de minimis shipments into the U.S. hit 1.4 billion packages in fiscal year 2024, according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection, about double the number in 2022. Discount online retailers like Temu and Shein contributed significantly to the spike in volume.

Sensing such a change, Temu has already been shipping more inventory in bulk to the U.S. and paying tariffs to have it stored in warehouses near big cities to narrow delivery times. That shift should help blunt the effects of the de minimis change, but will still put pressure on its discount model.

Amit Khandelwal, a professor at the Yale University Jackson School of Global Affairs said in an emailed statement that “de minimis shipments were relatively more important for lower-income consumers” and that removing the exemption would hurt those buyers more.

Trump’s new tariffs take effect at 12:01 am New York time on February 4 and are an effort to punish Canada, Mexico and China for what the U.S. president says is a failure to crack down on flows of fentanyl and illegal immigrants across U.S. borders.